LEARNING AFTER WATSON


Clark Hull (1884-1952)

The distinction between learning and performance

The theory: Rp= (D* sHr * K * V) - (Ir + sIr)

Application to Extinction

A difficulty w/Hull's theory

Edward Tolman (1886-1959)

Reacted against S-R view

Ex.: S-R account of learning in a complex maze

The theory: encoding S-S relations and S1-R-S2 expectancies

Cognitive inferences

Comparison to the S-R approach

Evidence organisms encode the reinforcement

Evidence of learning in the absence of reinforcement

Evidence of S-S learning

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Challenges to the S-R and cognitive views

Skinner's solution

Distinction between respondent and operant behavior

Avoid theoretical speculation

Schedules of reinforcement

Fixed ratio (FR) and variable ratio (VR)

Fixed interval (FI) and variable interval (VI)

 

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