Minimum criteria

1. The behavioral modification depends on a form of neural plasticity.

2. The modification depends on the organism's experiential history.

3. (a) The modification outlasts (extends beyond) the environmental contingencies used to induce it. (b) The experience has a lasting effect on performance.

4. Imposing a temporal relationship between a response and an outcome alters the response.

Advanced criteria

5. The nature of the behavioral change is not constrained (e.g., either an increase or decrease in the response can be established).

6. The nature of the reinforcer is not constrained (a variety of outcomes can be used to produce the behavioral deficit).