Basic Properties
Reward training
Omission training
Punishment
Escape
Phenomena
Common behavioral principles
Preparedness
Adding extra (free) reinforcers degrades performance
Learned helplessness (Maier, Overmier, Seligman)
Triadic design
Master, yoked, unshocked
Observe a behavioral deficit in a shuttle avoidance task (on FR2)
Learned helplessness hypothesis: motivational and associative deficit
Therapy and immunization
Role of endogenous opioids
Helplessness and immune function
Helplessness and anxiety
As a model of PTSD
Mechanisms
Instrumental learning within the spinal cord
Triadic design
Testing under common conditions
Controllable stimulation fosters learning
Uncontrollable stimulation undermines learning
Immunization and therapy effects
Uncontrollable stimulation disrupts recovery after spinal cord injury
Implications for learning
Distinction between respondent and operant behavior (Skinner)
Advanced criteria for operant behavior
Relation between instrumental and operant learning
