1. Maier, S. F., Coon, D. J., McDaniel., M. A., Jackson, R. L., and Grau, J. W. (1979). The time course of learned helplessness, inactivity, and nociceptive deficits in rats. Learning and Motivation, 10, 467-487.

2. Maier, S. F., Davies, S., Grau, J. W., Jackson, R. R., Morrison, D. H., Moye, T., Madden, J., and Barchas, J. D. (1980). Opiate antagonists and the long-term analgesic reaction induced by inescapable shock in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 94, 1172-1183.

3. Drugan, R. C., Grau, J. W., Maier, S. F., Madden, J., and Barchas, J. D. (1981). Cross tolerance between morphine and the long-term analgesic reaction to inescapable shock. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 14, 677-682.

4. Grau, J. W., Hyson, R. L., Maier, S. F., Madden, J., and Barchas, J. D. (1981). Long-term stress-induced analgesia and activation of the opiate system. Science, 213, 1409-1411.

5. Moye, T. B., Coon, D. J., Grau, J. W., and Maier, S. F. (1981). Therapy and immunization of long-term analgesia in rats. Learning and Motivation, 12, 133-148.

6. Hyson, R. L., Ashcraft, L. H., Drugan, R. C., Grau, J. W., and Maier, S. F. (1982). Extent and control of shock affects naltrexone sensitivity of stress-induced analgesia and reactivity to morphine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 17, 1019-1025.

7. Maier, S. F., Drugan, R. C., and Grau, J. W. (1982). Controllability, coping behavior, and stress-induced analgesia in the rat. Pain, 12, 47-56.

8. Moye, T. B., Hyson, R. L., Grau, J. W. and Maier, S. F. (1983). Immunization of opioid analgesia: Effects of prior escapable shock on subsequent shock-induced and morphine-induced antinociception. Learning and Motivation, 14, 238-251.

9. Grau, J. W. and Rescorla, R. A. (1984). Role of context in autoshaping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 10, 324-332.

10. Grau, J. W. (1984). Influence of naloxone on shock-induced freezing and analgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 98, 278-292.

11. Rescorla, R. A., Grau, J. W. and Durlach, P. J. (1985). Analysis of the unique cue in configural conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11, 356-366.

12. Grau, J. W. (1987). The central representation of an aversive event maintains the opioid and nonopioid forms of analgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 101, 272-288.

13. Grau, J. W. (1987). The variables which control the activation of analgesic systems: Evidence for a memory hypothesis and against the coulometric hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 13, 215-225.

14. Grau, J. W., & Kemler-Nelson, D. G. (1988). The distinction between integral and separable dimensions: Evidence for integrality of pitch and loudness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 347-370.

15. Meagher, M. W. and Grau, J. W, & King, R. A. . (1989). Prefrontal cortex lesions block the opioid and nonopioid hypoalgesia elicited by brief shocks, but not long shock-induced hypoalgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 1366-1371.

16. Meagher, M. W., Grau, J. W., & King, R. A. (1990). The role of supraspinal systems in analgesia: The impact of spinalization and decerebration on the analgesia observed after very brief versus long shocks. Behavioral Neuroscience, 104, 328-338.

17. Grau, J. W., Salinas, J. A., Illich, P. A., & Meagher, M. W. (1990). Associative learning and memory for an antinociceptive response in the spinalized rat. Behavioral Neuroscience, 104, 489-494.

18. Illich, P. A., & Grau, J. W. (1990). The impact of shock on reactivity to a tactile stimulus. Learning and Motivation, 21, 287-298.

19. Grau, J. W., Illich, P. A., Chen, P., & Meagher, M. W. (1991). The role of cholinergic systems in pain modulation I: The impact of scopolamine on shock-induced hypoalgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 105-124.

20. Grau, J. W., Biles, M. K., & Illich, P. A. (1991). The impact of naltrexone and morphine tolerance on mild shock-induced analgesia. Psychobiology, 19, 85-90.

21. Illich, P.A., Salinas, J.A., & Grau, J.W. (1991). Conditioned changes in pain reactivity II: In search of the elusive phenomenon of conditioned hyperalgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 478-481.

22. Illich, P. A., & Grau, J. W. (1991). Conditioned changes in pain reactivity I: A discrete CS elicits hypoalgesia, not hyperalgesia, on the tail-flick test. Learning and Motivation, 22, 421-438.

23. Illich, P. A., Allen, A., & Grau, J. W. (1991). Long-term effects of food deprivation II: Impact on mild shock-induced hypoalgesia. Psychobiology, 19, 345-354.

24. Biles, M. K., Illich, P. A., & Grau, J. W. (1992). Long-term effects of food deprivation II: Impact on morphine reactivity. Psychobiology, 20, 85-91.


25. Meagher, M. W., Chen, P., Salinas, J. A., & Grau, J. W. (1993). Activation of the opioid and nonopioid hypoalgesic systems at the level of the brainstem and spinal cord: Does a coulometric relation predict the emergence or form of environmentally-induced hypoalgesia? Behavioral Neuroscience, 107, 493-505.

26. Illich, P. A., Salinas, J.A., & Grau, J. W. (1994). Latent inhibition and overshadowing of an antinociceptive response in spinalized rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 62, 140-150.

27. Kallina, C. F., & Grau, J. W. (1995). The Tail-Flick Test I: The Impact of a Suprathreshold Exposure to Radiant Heat. Physiology and Behavior, 58, 161-165.

28. Illich, P. A., King, T. E., & Grau, J. W. (1995). Impact of shock on pain reactivity: I. Whether hypo- or hyperalgesia is observed depends on how pain reactivity is tested. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 21, 331-347.

29. Meagher, M. W., Barter, J., King, T. E., & Grau, J. W. (1995). Presentation of a distractor speeds the decay of a pentobarbital-insensitive nonopioid hypoalgesia in rats. Psychobiology, 23, 314-321.

30. Prentice, T. W., Joynes, R. L., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1996). Impact of shock on pain reactivity: III. The magnitude of hypoalgesia observed depends on test location. Behavioral Neuroscience, 109, 528-541.

31. King, T. E., Joynes, R. L., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1996). Impact of shock on pain reactivity: II. Evidence for enhanced pain. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 22, 265-278.

32. Grau, J. W., Burks, K., Kallina, C. F., King, T. E., & Meagher, M. W. (1996). Activation of the opioid and nonopioid antinociceptive systems in pentobarbital anesthetized rats: Assessing the role of shock severity. Psychobiology, 24, 71-84.

33. Joynes, R. L., & Grau, J. W. (1996). Mechanisms of Pavlovian conditioning: The role of protection from habituation in spinal conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 1375-1387.

34. Joynes, R. L., Illich, P. A., & Grau, J. W. (1997). Evidence for spinal conditioning in intact rats. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 67, 64-68.

35. King, T. E., Joynes, R. L., & Grau, J. W. (1997). The Tail-Flick Test II: The role of supraspinal systems and avoidance learning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 754-767.

36. Grau, J. W., Barstow, D. G. & Joynes, R. L. (1998). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: I. Behavioral properties. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 1366-1386.


37. King, T. E., Crown, E. D., Sieve, A. N., Joynes, R. L., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1999). Shock-induced hyperalgesia: I. Evidence forebrain systems play an essential role. Behavioural Brain Research, 100, 33-42.

38. McLemore, S., Crown, E. D., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1999). Shock-induced hyperalgesia: II. Role of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 539-549.

39. Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1999). Pain Modulation: It's a two-way street. Pschological Science Agenda, 12 (3), 10-12.

40. Crown, E. D., King, T. E., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (2000). Shock-induced hyperalgesia: III. Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the basolateral and central amygdaloid nuclei. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114, 561-573.

41. Sieve, A. N., King, T. E., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (2001). Pain and negative affect: Evidence the inverse benzodiazepine agonist DMCM inhibits pain and learning. Psychopharmacology, 153, 180-190.

42. Meagher, M. W., Ferguson, A. R., Crown, E. D., McLemore, S., King, T. E., Sieve, A. N., & Grau, J. W. (2001). Shock-induced hyperalgesia IV: Generality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 27, 219-238.

43. Crown, E. D., & Grau, J. W. (2001). Preserving and restoring behavioral potential within the spinal cord using an instrumental training paradigm. Journal of Neurophysiolog, 86, 845-855.

44. Crown, E. D., Ferguson, A. R., Joynes, R. L., & Grau, J. W. (2002). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: II. Evidence for central mediation. Physiology & Behavior, 77, 259-267.

45. Crown, E. D., Joynes, R. L., Ferguson, A. R., & Grau, J. W. (2002). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: IV. Induction and retention of the behavioral deficit observed after noncontingent shock. Behavioral Neuroscience, 116, 1032-1051.

46. Ferguson, A. R., Washburn, S. N., Crown, E.D., & Grau, J. W. (2003). GABAA receptor activation is involved in non-contingent shock inhibition of instrumental conditioning in spinal rat. Behavioral Neuroscience. 117, 799-812.

47. Joynes, R. L, Ferguson, A. R., Crown, E. D., Patton, B. C., & Grau, J. W. (2003). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: V. Evidence the behavioral deficit observed after noncontingent nociceptive stimulation reflects an intraspinal modification. Behavioural Brain Research, 141, 159-170.

48. Joynes, R. L., & Grau, J. W. (2004). Instrumental learning with the spinal cord: III. Prior exposure to noncontingent shock induces a behavioral deficit that is blocked by an opioid antagonist. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82, 35-51.

49. Hook, M. A., Ferguson, A. R., Garcia, G., Washburn, S. N., Koehly, L. M., & Grau, J. W. (2004). Monitoring recovery after injury: Procedures for deriving the optimal test window. Neurotrauma, 21, 109-118.

50. Joynes, R. L., Janjua, K. R., & Grau, J. W. (2004). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: VI. Discruption of learning by the NMDA antagonist APV. Behavioural Brain Research, 154, 431-438.

51. Patton, B. C., Hook, M. A., Crown, E. D., Ferguson, A. R., & Grau, J. W. (2004). The behavioral deficit observed following noncontingent shock in spinalized rats is prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 653-658.

52. Ferguson, A. R., Patton, B. C., Bopp, A. C., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (2004). Brief exposure to a mild stressor enhances morphine conditioned place preference in male rats. Psychopharmacology, 175, 47-52.

53. Crown, E. D., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (2004). Pain in a balance: Noxious events engage opposing processes that concurrently modulate nociceptive reactivity. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 1418-1426.

54. Ferguson, A. R., Hook, M. A., Garcia, G., Bresnahan, J. C., Beattie, M. S., & Grau, J. W. (2004). A simple transformation that improves the metric properties of the BBB scale. Neurotrauma, 21, 1601-1613.

55. Grau, J. W., Washburn, S. N., Hook, M. A., Ferguson, A. R., Crown, E. D., Garcia, G., Bolding, K. A., & Miranda, R. C. (2004). Uncontrollable nociceptive stimulation undermines recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurotrauma, 21, 1795-1817.

56. Grau, J. W., & Joynes, R. L. (2005). A neural-functionalist approach to learning. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 18, 1-22.

57. Grau, J. W., & Joynes, R. L. (2005). Neurofunctionalism revisited: Learning is more than you think it is. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 18, 46-59.

58. Liu, G. T., Crown, E. D., Miranda, R. C., & Grau, J. W. (2005). Instrumental learning within the rat spinal cord: Localization of the essential neural circuit. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119.



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4. Grau, J. W. & Joynes, R. L. (2001). Spinal cord plasticity and the recovery of function. In M. E. Carroll & J. B. Overmier (Eds.), Linking animal research and human psychological health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

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1. Maier, S.F., Davies, S., Grau, J. W., Jackson, R. R., Morrison, D. H., Moye, T., Madden, J., and Barchas, J. D. (1986). Opiate antagonists and the long-term analgesic reaction induced by inescapable shock in rats. Reprinted in N. A. Marlin (Ed.), Directed Readings for the Principles of Learning & Behavior, (2nd edition). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

2. Domjan, M., & Grau, J. W. (2000). Avoidance Learning. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, and New York: Oxford University Press.

3. Grau, J. W. (2000). Instrumental conditioning. In W. E. Craighead & C. B. Nemeroff (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Psychology and Neuroscience (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

4. Grau, J. W. (2003). Learning from an invertebrate. In M. Domjan’s Principles of learning and behavior, 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

5. Grau, J. W. (2003). Eyeblink conditioning and the search for the engram. In M. Domjan’s Principles of learning and behavior, 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

6. Grau, J. W. (2003). Helplessness within the spinal cord. In M. Domjan’s Principles of learning and behavior, 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

7. Grau, J. W. (2003). Fear and the amygdala. In M. Domjan’s Principles of learning and behavior, 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

8. Grau, J. W. (2003). Learning as synaptic plasticity: Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). In M. Domjan’s Principles of learning and behavior, 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

9. Grau, J. W. (2003). Genes and learning. In M. Domjan’s Principles of learning and behavior, 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

10. Grau, J. W. (2003). Instrumental conditioning. In W. E. Craighead & C. B. Nemeroff (Eds.), Corsini Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology and Beahvioral Sciences. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

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1. Grau, J. W. (1986). The central representation of an aversive event maintains the opioid and nonopioid forms of analgesia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1985). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 4434B.

2. Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1987). Lesions of the frontal cortex attenuate the analgesia observed after very brief, but not long, shocks. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 13, 990.

3. Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1987). Decerebration blocks the analgesia observed after very brief, but not long, shocks. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 13, 990.

4. Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1988). The impact of cholinergic drugs on mild shock-induced analgesia parallels their impact on memory. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 14, 709.

5. Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1988). Intense, but not weak, shocks induce a transient nonopioid, and a long-lasting opioid, analgesia in spinal rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 14, 709.

6. Illich, P. A., & Grau, J. W. (1989). Previously food deprived rats exhibit a naltrexone reversible increase in both reactivity to shock and shock-induced analgesia. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 156.

7. Biles, M. K., Illich, P. A., & Grau, J. W. (1989). Previously food deprived rats exhibit an exaggerated morphine analgesia. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 847.

8. Meagher, M. W., Grau, J. W., & King, R. A. (1989). Does a coulometric relation determine whether analgesia in the decerebrate rat is opioid or nonopioid in form? Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 850.

9. Salinas, J. A., Illich, P. A., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1989). Conditioned analgesia in the spinalized rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 847.

10. Salinas, J. A., Illich, P. A., & Grau, J. W. (1990). Latent inhibition and overshadowing of a conditioned antinociceptive response in the spinalized rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 16, 99.

11. Biles, M. K., Barter, J. M., & Grau, J. W. (1990). Adrenalectomy and dexamethasone attenuate mild shock-induced analgesia. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 16, 99.

12. Chen, P. S., Illich, P. A., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J.W. (1990). The impact of scopolamine on conditioned and shock-induced analgesia. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 16, 99.

13. Biles, M. K., & Grau, J. W. (1991). A period of restraint is necessary to observe a strong opioid analgesia after mild shock or a low-dose of morphine in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 110.

14. Chen, P. S., Illich, P.A., Meagher, M.W., & Grau, J. W. (1991). Impact of scopolamine and yohimbine on pain reactivity and shock-induced antinociception in spinalized rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 1374.

15. Illich, P. A., Burks, K. D., & Grau, J. W. (1991). Associative learning of an antinociceptive response at the level of the spinal cord in intact rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 1008.

16. Grau, J. W., Illich, P. A., Burks, K. D., & Meagher, M. W. (1992). Influence of shock severity on the activation of analgesic systems in pentobarbital treated rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 18, 686.

17. Parker, C. W., Illich, P. A., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1992). Controllable, but not uncontrollable shock elicits an antinociception in spinalized rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 18, 1026.

18. Illich, P. A., Parker, C. W., Burks, K. D., & Grau, J. W. (1992). Mild shock produces an unconditioned naltrexone-insensitive increase in reactivity on the vocalization magnitude and threshold tests. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 18, 1026.

19. King, T. E., Payne, M., & Grau, J. W. (1993). Evidence the tail-flick response is spinally mediated in rats irrespective of test temperature. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 965.

20. Kallina, C. F., King, T. E., & Grau, J. W. (1993). A supra-threshold tail-flick trial induces hyperalgesia in pentobarbital anesthetized rats but not in awake rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 966.

21. Barstow, D. G., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1993). The importance of equating flexion force when studying "instrumental learning" in spinalized subjects. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 1001.

22. King, T. E., & Grau, J. W. (1994). Shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats: Behavioral properties. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 20, 762.

23. Joynes, R. L., Prentice, T. W., & Grau, J. W. (1994). Conditioned antinociception in the spinalized rat The role of nonassociative mechanisms. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 20, 762.

24. Prentice, T. W., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1994). The magnitude of shock-induced antinociception observed on the tail-flick test in rats depends on where radiant heat is applied. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 20, 764.

25. Barstow, D. G., Grau, J. W., Joynes, R. L., & Prentice, T. W. (1994). The relative contribution of shock onset (punishment) and offset (escape) to learning of a flexion response in the spinal rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 20, 787.

26. Joynes, R. L., Janjua, K. R., & Grau, J. W. (1995). Operant learning at the level of the spinal cord is blocked by the NMDA antagonist APV. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 21, 415.

27. King, T. E., Grau, J. W. (1995). Avoidance learning on the tail-flick test. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 21, 388.

28. King, T. E., Joynes, R. L., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1996). Shock-induced hyperaglesia in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 22, 120.

29. Grau, J. W., Joynes, R. L., Penland, H. R. (1996). Inescapable shock disrupts spinal learning: Evidence for spinal mediation and naltrexone reversibility. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 22, 1840

30. Joynes, R. L., & Grau, J. W. (1996). Conditioned antinociception in spinal rats: Associative learning versus protection from habituation. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 22.

31. Joynes, R. L., McLemore, S., & Grau, J. W. (1997). Operant learning at the level of the spinal cord: Induction and retention. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 23, 1041.

32. King, T. E., Joynes, R. L., Minke, D. E., Penland, H., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1997). Deep lesions of the frontal pole eliminate shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 23, 161.

33. Joynes, R. L., & Grau, J. W. (1998). Noncontingent shock disrupts learning in spinal rats: Reversibility by intrathecal naltrexone during testing. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 24, 1152.

34. Sieve, A., King, T., Crown, E., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1998). The role of anxiety in shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 24, 1901.

35. Crown, E. D., King, T. E., Meagher, M. W., & Grau, J. W. (1998). Amydala lesions block shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 24, 1901.

36. McLemore, S., Crown, E. D., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (1998). Dorsolateral periaqueductal gray lesions eliminate shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 24, 1901.

37. Meagher, M. W., McLemore, S., King, T. E., & Grau, J. W. (1998). The generality of shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 24, 1901.

38. Joynes, R. L., & Grau, J. W. (1998). Noncontingent shock disrupts learning in spinal rats: Reversibility by intrathecal opioid antagonists during testing. Symposium on Spinal Cord Plasticity, UCLA, November, 1998.

39. Crown, E. D., Joynes, R. L., Ferguson, A. R., & Grau, J. W. (1998). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: Exposure to noncontingent shock disrupts learning for at least 20 hours. Symposium on Spinal Cord Plasticity, UCLA, November, 1998.

40. Meagher, M. W., Crown, E. D., & Grau, J. W. (1999). Evidence inescapable shock produces hyperalgesia in rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 25, 688.

41. Crown, E. D., & Grau, J. W. (1999). Instrumental learning of a flexion resonse in spinalized rats: Evidence that prior learning facilitates acquisition on the contralateral leg. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 25, 2156.

42. Ferguson, A., Crown, E., & Grau, J. W. (1999). Instrumental learning of a flexion response in spinalized rats: Evidence learning depends on the sciatic nerve. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 25, 2156.

43. Grau, J. W., & Crown, E. D. (2000). Instrumental learning in spinalized rats: Characteristing the behavioral deficit observed after noncontingent shock. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 26, 2207.

44. Ferguson, Crown, E. D., Dhruv, S., Washburn, S. N., & Grau, J. W. (2000). Instrumental learning in spinalized rats: The GABA antagonist bicuculline prevents the behavioral deficit observed after noncontingent shock. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 26, 2207.

45. Crown, E. D., & Grau, J. W. (2000). Instrumental learning of a flexion response in spinalized rats: Evidence for behavioral immunization and therapy. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 26, 2207.

46. Meagher, M. W., Crown, E. D., Patton, B., Ferguson, A. R., & Grau, J. W. (2000). Shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats: Dorsolateral funiculus lesions unveil hyperalgesia after long shock. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 26, 653.

47. Sieve, A. N., Garcia, G., Crown, E. D., Grau, J. W., & Meagher, M. W. (2000). Shock-induced hyperalgesia in rats: Evidence the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray is necessary but not sufficient. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 26, 653.



48. Grau, J. W., Garcia, G., Ferguson, A. R., Crown, E. D., & Miranda, R. C. (2001). Exposure to a nociceptive stimulus impairs recovery after a contusion injury. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 27, 2039.

49. Ferguson, A. R., Crown, E. D., Washburn, S. N.., Miranda, R. C., & Grau, J. W. (2001). Instrumental learning in spinalized rats: Peripheral inflammation undermines behavioral potential in the spinal cord. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 27, 2202.

50. Crown, E., Ferguson, A., Dhruv, S., Patton, B., & Grau, J. W. (2001). Descending noradrenergic systems protect spinal cord neurons from the deleterious effects of nociceptive stimulation. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 27, 2482.

51. S.N.Washburn, A.R.Ferguson, B.C.Patton, J.W.Grau. UNCONTROLLABLE SHOCK INDUCES A BEHAVIORAL DEFICIT IN THE RAT SPINAL CORD: ROLE OF GABA Program No. 166.6. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2002. CD-ROM.

52. A.R.Ferguson, E.D.Crown, B.C.Patton, J.W.Grau. INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE NMDA ANTAGONIST MK - 801 PREVENTS THE BEHAVIORAL DEFICIT OBSERVED AFTER NONCONTINGENT SHOCK IN SPINALIZED RATS Program No. 166.7. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2002. CD-ROM.

53. G.T.Liu, E.R.Crown, R.C.Miranda, J.W.Grau. INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING WITHIN THE RAT SPINAL CORD: LOCALIZATION OF THE ESSENTIAL NEURAL CIRCUIT Program No. 167.17. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2002. CD-ROM.

54. M.A.Hook, G.Garcia, E.D.Crown, A.R.Ferguson, R.C.Miranda, J.W.Grau. UNCONTROLLABLE NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION UNDERMINES LOCOMOTOR RECOVERY IN SPINALLY CONTUSED RATS Program No. 204.11. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2002. CD-ROM.

55. E.D.Crown, J.W.Grau. DESCENDING SEROTONERGIC SYSTEMS PROTECT SPINAL CORD NEURONS FROM THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION. Program No. 363.3. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2002. CD-ROM.

56. J.M.Olson, G.Garcia, S.N.Washburn, R.C.Miranda, J.W.Grau. PRETREATMENT WITH THE ENDOTOXIN LPS ENHANCES RECOVERY IN RATS AFTER A CONTUSION INJURY Program No. 800.6. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2002. CD-ROM.

57. Bopp, A.C., Ferguson, A.R., Miranda, R.C., Grau, J.W. (2003). Blocking neural conduction rostral to an injury in rats has a protective effect that reduces the adverse consequences of nociceptive stimulation. Program No. 744.11. 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. CD-ROM.

58. Washburn, S.N., Grau, J.W. (2003). The kappa-2 opiod receptor agonist GR89696 produces a behavioral deficit in spinalized rats. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. CD-ROM. Abstract

59. Ferguson, A. R., Hook, M. A., Garcia, G., Bresnahan, J.C., Beattie, M.S., Grau, J.W. (2003). A simple transformation that improves the metric properties of the BBB scale for rats with moderate to severe spinal cord injury. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C.: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. CD-ROM.

60. Patton, B.C., Hook, M.A., Crown, E.D., Ferguson, A. R., Grau, J.W. (2003). The behavioral deficit observed following uncontrollable shock in spinalized rats depends on protein synthesis. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. CD-ROM.

61. Bolding, K.A., Hook, M.A., Ferguson, A.R., Grau, J.W. (2003). The general protein kinase C inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide-I, dose-dependently prevents a shock-induced behavioral deficit in spinalized rats. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2003.

62. Hook, M.A., Ferguson, A.R., Garcia, G., Washburn, S.N., Koehly, L. M., Grau, J. W. (2003) Monitoring recovery after injury: equal statistical power in half the time. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. CD-ROM.

63. Bigbee, A. J., Crown, E.D., Ferguson, A.R., Shah, R., Roy, R., Tillakaratne, N., Tobin, A.J., Grau, J. W., Edgerton, V. R. (2003) Instrumental spinal learning is inhibited by unilateral, extensor-biased motor training in spinally transected rats. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C.: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. CD-ROM.

64. Liu, G.T., Miranda, R. C., Wilkie, J. M., Washburn, S. N., Bolding, K. A., Hook, M.A., Crown, E. D., Ferguson, A. R., Grau, J. W. (2003) Exposure to uncontrollable nociceptive stimulation increases vulnerability to apoptosis in spinally transected rats. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. CD-ROM.

65. Ferguson, A.R., Hook, M.A., & Grau, J.W. (2004) Uncontrollable stimulation inhibits plasticity within the rat spinal cord: Role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2004. CD-ROM.

66. Liu, G.T., Ferguson, A.R., Huie, R., Bopp, A.C., Hook, M.A., & Grau, J.W. (2004) Morphine treatment slows recovery after a contusion injury in rats and does not reduce the negative consequences of aversive stimulation. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2004. CD-ROM.

67. Washburn, S.N., Patton, B.C., Ferguson, A.R., & Grau, J.W. (2004) Exposure to uncontrollable stimulation during pentobarbital anesthesia has a long-term disruptive effect on spinal cord function. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2004. CD-ROM.

68. Gómez-Pinilla, F., Ying, Z., Ferguson, A., Crown, E., Edgerton, V.R., & Grau, J.W. (2004) BDNF supports spinal cord learning. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2004. CD-ROM.

69. Huie, J.R., Ferguson, A.R., & Grau, J.W. (2004) Instrumental learning in spinalized rats: neuropathic pain inhibits learning in the spinal cord. Abstract Viewer/ Itinerary Planner. Washington, D.C: Society for Neuroscience, 2004. CD-ROM.

70. Ferguson, A.R., Hook, M.A., & Grau, J.W. (2004) Loss of learning in the spinal cord: Role of glutamate systems. National Neurotrauma Society, San Diego.

71. Bopp, A.C., & Grau, J.W. (2004) Brain-Dependent Processes Contribute to the Adverse Consequences of Nociceptive Stimulation on Recovery of Function. National Neurotrauma Society, San Diego.

72. Washburn, S.N., Hook, M.A., Ferguson, A.R., Crown, E.D., Garcia, G., Bolding, K.A., Miranda, R.C., & Grau, J.W. (2004) Uncontrollable stimulation undermines recovery of function after spinal cord injury. National Neurotrauma Society, San Diego.